With the announcement of addition of new topics in physics in class 12 by Central Board Of Secondary Education,students are confused as how they can go for new topics in such a small span of time.As the exam is going to be conducted on March , it would be difficult task to cover new topics.Teachers are also quite confused about the pattern of questions that can be asked in the examination.On the other hand CBSE has provided material in the internet online so that student can follow the standard material for the added syllabus.But,many students do not have direct access to material due to lack of computers and internet.Many students are even unaware of the topics that are included in the communication system.The detailed new class 12 syllabus of physics(CBSE Board) is right here.
Unit I: Electrostatics
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb's law-force between two point charges, forces between
multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, electric field due to a
dipole, torque on a dipole in uniform electric fleld.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss's theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight
wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and
outside).
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and system of
charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric
dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric
polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a
capacitor.
Unit II: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation
with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and non-linear), electrical
energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity, Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors;
series and parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series and in
parallel, Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.
Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of
two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's experiment.
Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere's law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoids, force on a
moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel currentcarrying
conductors-definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field;
moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron, magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar
magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; earth's magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths, permanent magnets.
Unit IV: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday's laws, induced EMF and current; Lenz's Law, Eddy currents.
Self and mutual induction.
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance; LC
oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattless
current.
AC generator and transformer.
Unit V: Electromagnetic waves
Need for displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their Transverse nature
(qualitative ideas only).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays)
including elementary facts about their uses.
Unit VI: Optics
Ray Optics: Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, refraction of light, total internal
reflection and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula,
lensmaker's formula, magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact, combination of
a lens and a mirror, refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish apprearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their
magnifying powers.
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen's principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface
using wave fronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen's principle. Interference,
Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources and sustained
interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, resolving power of
microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster's law, uses of plane
polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's photoelectric
equation-particle nature of light.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davisson-Germer experiment (experimental
details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained).
Unit VIII: Atoms and Nuclei
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford's model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen
spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, Radioactivity, alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties;
radioactive decay law.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number; nuclear
fission, nuclear fusion.
Unit IX: Electronic Devices
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative ideas only)
Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;
Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics,
zener diode as a voltage regulator.
Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor, transistor as an amplifier (common
emitter configuration), basic idea of analog and digital singals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and
NOR).
Unit X: Communication Systems
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital
data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky
and space wave propagation, satellite communication. Need for modulation, amplitude modulation and
frequency modulation, advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation. Basic ideas about
internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS)
Above three new topics have been added in the new class 12 physics syllabus for CBSE board exam.
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